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One way of thinking holds that the mental process of decision-making is (or should be) rational: a formal process based on optimizing utility.〔Kant, F. (1991). Remarks on the observations on the feeling of the beautiful and sublime. (J.T. Goldthwait, Trans.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Original work published 1764).〕 Rational thinking and decision-making does not leave much room for emotions.〔Livet, P. (2010). Rational choice, neuroeconomy and mixed emotions. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B, 265, 259-269.〕 In fact, emotions are often considered irrational occurrences that may distort reasoning.〔 Barnes, A. and P. Thagard. 1996. Emotional decisions. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society pp. 426–429.〕 However, there are presently both theories and research focusing on the important role of emotions in decision-making. Loewenstein and Lerner divide emotions during decision-making into two types: those anticipating future emotions and those immediately experienced while deliberating and deciding. Damasio formulated the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH), that proposes a mechanism by which emotional processes can guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making. Pfister and Böhm believe that "the issue of rationality should be based on the validity of emotional evaluations rather than on formal coherence.” ==Impact of emotions on decisions== Much research has been conducted on the various impacts of emotion on decision-making. Studies indicate the complexity and breadth of those impacts. Listed below are some examples of their results. * Decision-makers who were made to consider safety concerns that induced negative emotions when deciding which car to purchase, were more likely to “choose not to choose,” or to stick with the status quo.〔Luce, M.F. (1998). Choosing to avoid: Coping with negatively emotion-laden consumer decisions. Journal of consumer research, 24(4) 409-433.〕 * Study participants who experienced “frustrated anger” were more likely to choose a high risk, high reward option in a lottery – a choice the authors categorize as “self-defeating."〔Leith, K.F., & Baumeister, R.F. (1996). Why do bad moods increase self-defeating behavior? Emotion, risk taking, and self-regulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(6), 1250-1267.〕 * "Fearful people made pessimistic judgements of future events whereas angry people made optimistic judgements." * Study participants who had been induced to feel sad were likely to set a lower selling price for an item they were asked to sell; the researchers suggest that selling the item would bring about a change in the participants’ circumstances and thus perhaps a positive change in mood.〔Lerner,J.S., Small, D.A., & Loewenstein, G. (2004). Heart strings and purse strings: carry-over effects of emotions on economic decisions. Psychological science, 15(5), 337-341.〕 * Participants with “normal emotion processing” were engaged in a card-drawing task. When drawing from “dangerous decks" and consequently experiencing losses and the associated negative emotions, they subsequently made safer and more lucrative choices. Participants with brain damage that had left them unable to experience such emotional responses, did not change their behavior in this way.〔Bechara, A.R., Damasio, H., Damasio, A., & Lee, G.P. (1999). Different contributions of the human amygdala ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. The journal of neuroscience, 19(13), 5473-5481.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emotions in decision-making」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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